Women Rights to Inheritance in Muslim Family Law: An Analytical Study
Keywords:
Rights of Women, Inheritance, Analysis, Islamic Perspective.
Abstract
Rights of women are one of the widely discussed yet debatable issues across the Western and Muslim world. It is seen in the Muslim societies that many women are deprived in terms of inheriting property after the demise of their parents. This is largely happening due to the negligence of practicing Islamic teachings regarding inheritance at individual and family level. However, Islam has placed a dignified position for women in family and society in all sectors. Particularly the principle of inheritance of property has been clearly stated in the holy Qur’an. In this background, this paper emphasises on exploring (a) Qur’anic and Prophetic stand on women’s right to inheritance, (b) the main obstacles that impede women in getting inheritance rights in family and its remedies from the Islamic perspectives. This paper adopts an analytical approach to study this vital issue. Under this approach, the study analyses the relevant data from the two fundamental sources of Islam, Qur’an and Sunnah, along with jurisprudential views and provides solutions to solve the problems related to Muslim women’s inheritance right in family. Findings of this paper indicated that if the Muslim family practices the Islamic teachings regarding the distribution of inheritance among the heirs, it will eradicate the existing discrimination among men and women in this regard and enable women’s financial steadiness in family and society.
References
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Alauya, S. A. (1989). Muslim Inheritance Law. Philippines: Manila, Rex Book Store.
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Al-Firūz A. U. (1933). Al-Qāmūs al-Muhīt (3rd ed.). Al-Qāhirah: Al-matbʻah al-misriyyah.
Al-Hajjāj, A. H. M. B. (2007). English Translation of Sahīh Muslim (1st ed.). Ahādīth edited & referenced by: Hāfiz Abū Tāhir Zubair ʻAlī Zaʻī, Translated by: Nāsiruddin al-Khattāb (Canada). Final review by: Abū Khaliyl (USA). Riyadh: Darussalam Global leaders in Islamic Books.
Al-Hibri, A. Y. (2001). Muslim women's rights in the global village: challenges and opportunities. Journal of Law and Religion, 15, 37-66. https://doi.org/10.2307/1051514
Al-Hilali, M. T. U. D., & Khan, M. M. (1434H). The Nobel Qur’ān English Translation of the meanings and commentary. Saudi Arabia: Madinah, King Fahd Glorious Qur’ān Printing Complex.
Ali, A. Y. (1989). The Holy Qur’ān: Text, Translation and Commentary. U.S.A: Amana Corporation.
Ali, M. M., Solihin, S. M., & Haque, M. F. (2018). Empowerment of Women: An Analytical Study from the Islamic Perspective. Islamic Quarterly, 62 (2), 303-334.
Ali, S. M. (2004). The position of women in Islam: A progressive view. USA: State University of New York.
Al-Jamri, A. A. M. (1986). Al-Marʼah fī Zilāl al-Islām. Bayrūt: Dār wa-Maktabah al-Hilāl.
Al-Kardi, H. M. (2010). Al-Muyassar fi Fiqh Al-Mawarish. Gajja: Manara Book Shop and Press.
Al-Kitab al-Muqaddas. (n.d). Safar al-Jamiʻah, al-Ishah, 7: 26.
Al-Nisābūrī, A. H. M. I. A. H. A. Q. (n.d.). Sahīh Muslim, Bayrūt: Dār al-Zayīl.
Al-Rāzī, F. D. (1420H). Mafātīh al-Gayīb (Al-Tafsīr al- kabīr). (3rd ed.). Bayrūt: Dār ʼIhyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
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Al-Zuhaylī, M. (2008). Al-Marʼah al-Muslimah al-Muʻāsirah Makānatuhā-Huqūquhā-Ahkāmuhā. (1st ed.). Dimashq: Dār al-Fikr.
Ashʻath, I. H. A. D. S. B. (2008). English Translation of Sunan Abū Dāwūd, (1st ed.). Ahādīth edited & referenced. by Hāfiz Abū Tāhir Zubair ʻAlī Zaʻī, Trans. by Nāsiruddīn al-Khattāb (Canada). Final review by: Abū Khaliyl (USA), Riyād: Darussalam Global leaders in Islamic Books.
Che, J. (2017). Citizenship and the Social Position of Athenian Women in the Classical Age. A Prospect for Overcoming the Antithesis of Male and Female. Athens Journal of History, 3 (2), 97-118. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajhis.3-2-2
Cheema, S. A. (2017). Islamic Law of Inheritance Practices in Pakistan. Pakistan: Published by Shariʻah Academy, International Islamic University Islamabad.
Cornwall, A. (2016). Women’s Empowerment: What Works? Journal of International Development, 28 (3), 342–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3210
Della‐Giusta, M., & Phillips, C. (2006). Women entrepreneurs in the Gambia: challenges and opportunities. Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association, 18 (8), 1051-1064. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1279
Doi, A. R. I., & Bewley, A. (2006). Woman in Shari'ah. Kuala Lumpur: publisher, A.S. Noordeen.
Engineer, A. A. (1992). The Rights of Women in Islam. Malaysia, Petaling Jaya: Selangor Darul Ehsan, IBS Buku Sdn Bhd.
Gabriel, K. A. (2016). Performing Femininity: Gender in Ancient Greek Myth, Bard College, New York: Annandale-on-Hudson.
Habib, S. D. A. (1988). Al-Qamus al-Fiqhi Lughatan wa-Istilahan. Syira, Dimashq: Dar Al-Fikr.
Haque, M. F. (2020). Women Empowerment: An Analysis from the Qur’anic Perspective (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
Haque, M. F., Sarker, M. A. R., & Rahman, M. S. (2019). Sexual Harassment of Female Workers at Manufacturing Sectors in Bangladesh. Journal of Economics and Business, 2 (3), 334–340. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.02.03.140
Haque, M. F., Sarker, M. A. R., Rahman, M. S., & Rakibuddin, M. (2020). Discrimination of Women at RMG Sector in Bangladesh. Journal of Social and Political Sciences, 3 (1), 112-118. http://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1991.03.01.152
Hashia, H. (2017). Role of Muslim Modern Women. Muslim Women’s Contributions to Society. Kuala Lumpur: Fajar Ulung Sdn.Bhd.
Hussain, J. A. (1987). Status of Women Islam. Pakistan: Law Publishing Company.
Ibn Kathīr, (1999). Tafsīr al-Qurʼān al- ʻAzīm. (2nd ed.). ed. by, Sāmī bin Muhammad Salāmah. Al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Tayyibah li-al-Nasr wa al-Tawjīʻ.
Islam, M. S., & Dogra, S. (2011). Women empowerment in Bangladesh: The rise of the other half (ISAS Working Paper no 119). Institute of South Asian Studies. National University of Singapore.
Jawad, A. H. (1998). The rights of women in Islam: An authentic approach. Great Britain: London, Macmillan Press Ltd.
Jensen, A. M. (1995). The status of women and the social context of reproduction. Journal of International Development, 7 (1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3380070105
Jibālī, M. (2005). Inheritance: Regulations & Exhortations (2nd ed.). USA: al-Kitab & as-Sunnah Publisher.
Kayyāl, B. (1981). Tatawwar Al-Mar’ah ‘Abrah al-Tārīkh. Bayrūt: Muʼassasahʻizzuddīn Li-al-tbāʻah wa al-Nasr.
Khan, I., Abdullah, M. F., Rahman, N. N. A., Nor, M. R. B. M., & Yusoff, M. Y. Z. B. M. (2016). The right of women in property sharing in Bangladesh: Can the islamic inheritance system eliminate discrimination? SpringerPlus, 5 (1), 1695. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3347-2
Khan, M. I. (2012). Empowerment of Muslim Women. London: Koros Press Limited.
Knaplund, K. S. (2008). The Evolution of Women's Rights in Inheritance. Hastings Women's LJ, 19, 3.
Mosedale, S. (2014). Women's empowerment as a development goal: taking a feminist standpoint. Journal of International Development, 26 (8), 1115-1125. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3050
MV Media. (2011). Protests after Bangladesh government propose equal inheritance laws. International News. Available: https://muslimvillage.com (April 6, 2011)
Mzee, M. M. (2016). Islamic Law of Inheritance: The Case of Illegitimate Child and Possibility of Having an Assets of Deceased Father: A Tanzanian Case Study. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization. 45, 55-59.
Naveed, A., & Alwani, N. (2010). Sexual harassment at workplace: are you safe? Journal of Ayub Medical College, 22 (3), 222.
NO, T. D. H. (2006). Arab Cultural Awareness: 58 Factsheets.
O'Neil, M. L., & Toktas, S. (2017). Women's Access to Property: A Comparative Study on Islamic and Kemalist Women in Turkey. Journal of Historical Sociology, 30 (3), 674-688. https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12154
Ridā, M. R. I. A. M. S. (1990). Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-Hakīm (Tafsīr al-Manār). Al-Qāhirah: Al-Hai’ah al-Misriyyah al- ‘Āmmah li-al-Kitāb.
Salāh, M. (2007). Asbāb al-Nuzūl lil-Imām al-Suyūtī (1st ed.). Al-Qāhirah: Maktabah al-Rihāb.
Scott, R. M. (2009). A Contextual Approach to Women's Rights in the Qur'an: Readings of 4: 34. The Muslim World, 99 (1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01253.x
Shah, N. (2006). Women, the Koran and international human rights law: the experience of Pakistan. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Shatzmiller, M. (1995). Women and property rights in Al-Andalus and the Maghrib: social patterns and legal discourse. Islamic Law and Society, 2 (3), 219-257.
Sourav, M. R. I. (2015). Unjust land right of women in Bangladesh. Int Res J Interdiscip Multidiscip Stud, 1 (3), 5-13. http://www.irjims.com
Stephenson, J. (1988). Women's roots: status and achievements in Western civilization. Diemer Smith Publishing Company.
Stino, M. (n.d). Al- Hadārāt al-assāmiyah al-Qadīmah, ed. Syyedya’Qubbakr & Muhammad al-Qassās. Cairo: Dār al-kutub al-Arabiyah.
Sultana, A. M., & Zulkefli, N. E. B. M. (2012). Discrimination against women in the developing countries: a comparative study. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2 (3), 256-259.
Tobi, Y. (1994). Inheritance rights of Jewish Women and Moslem Women in Yemen. In Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies (pp. 201-208). Seminar for Arabian Studies. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223419
Toktas, S., & O’neil, M. L. (2013). How Do Women Receive Inheritance? The Processes of Turkish Women’s Inclusion and Exclusion from Property. Asian Women, 29 (4), 25-50.
Tribune, D. (2018). Tunisia becomes the first Arab nation to approve gender equality in inheritance law. Dhaka Tribune. Available: https://www.dhakatribune.com (November 25th, 2018)
Ubayd, M. A. R. (1976). Al-Marʼah Wa-Dawruhā fi al-Hijrah. Qāhiah: Al-Majlisulʼaʻalā li al-sʼūn al-Islāmī.
Yamānī, A. Z. (2004). Al-Islām wa al-Marʼah. Al-Qahirah: Al-Muaʼssah al-Saʻūdiyyah bi Misr.
Yasun, S. (2018). Does education enable underprivileged women to achieve real equality in property rights? A case study of inheritance rights of women in Turkey. In Women's Studies International Forum, 69, 100-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2018.05.013
Al-Aʻlām, (n.d). Nizām wa-jamāʻah min-Ulamā al-Hin: Al-fatāwā al-Hindiyyah fī-Mazhab al-Imām al-ʼAʻzam Abī Hanīfah al-Nuʻmān. Bayrūt: Dār al-Maʻrifah.
Alauya, S. A. (1989). Muslim Inheritance Law. Philippines: Manila, Rex Book Store.
Al-Bukhārī. M. I. I. (1997). The Translation of the meaning of Sahīh Al-bukhārī, Arabic-English (1st ed.). Translated by Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, Riyadh-Saudi Arabiya: Darussalam Publishers and Distributors.
Al-Firūz A. U. (1933). Al-Qāmūs al-Muhīt (3rd ed.). Al-Qāhirah: Al-matbʻah al-misriyyah.
Al-Hajjāj, A. H. M. B. (2007). English Translation of Sahīh Muslim (1st ed.). Ahādīth edited & referenced by: Hāfiz Abū Tāhir Zubair ʻAlī Zaʻī, Translated by: Nāsiruddin al-Khattāb (Canada). Final review by: Abū Khaliyl (USA). Riyadh: Darussalam Global leaders in Islamic Books.
Al-Hibri, A. Y. (2001). Muslim women's rights in the global village: challenges and opportunities. Journal of Law and Religion, 15, 37-66. https://doi.org/10.2307/1051514
Al-Hilali, M. T. U. D., & Khan, M. M. (1434H). The Nobel Qur’ān English Translation of the meanings and commentary. Saudi Arabia: Madinah, King Fahd Glorious Qur’ān Printing Complex.
Ali, A. Y. (1989). The Holy Qur’ān: Text, Translation and Commentary. U.S.A: Amana Corporation.
Ali, M. M., Solihin, S. M., & Haque, M. F. (2018). Empowerment of Women: An Analytical Study from the Islamic Perspective. Islamic Quarterly, 62 (2), 303-334.
Ali, S. M. (2004). The position of women in Islam: A progressive view. USA: State University of New York.
Al-Jamri, A. A. M. (1986). Al-Marʼah fī Zilāl al-Islām. Bayrūt: Dār wa-Maktabah al-Hilāl.
Al-Kardi, H. M. (2010). Al-Muyassar fi Fiqh Al-Mawarish. Gajja: Manara Book Shop and Press.
Al-Kitab al-Muqaddas. (n.d). Safar al-Jamiʻah, al-Ishah, 7: 26.
Al-Nisābūrī, A. H. M. I. A. H. A. Q. (n.d.). Sahīh Muslim, Bayrūt: Dār al-Zayīl.
Al-Rāzī, F. D. (1420H). Mafātīh al-Gayīb (Al-Tafsīr al- kabīr). (3rd ed.). Bayrūt: Dār ʼIhyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
Al-Sagīr, H. M. F. (2008). Ta‘āmul al-Rasūl (SAW) Ma‘a al-Atfāli Tarbūyan. Qatar: Wzāratul awqāf wa-al-s’ūn al-Islāmiyyah.
Al-Shafʻī, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Idrīs ibn al-ʻAbbās bin Uthmān bin Shafiʻbin Abd al-Muttalib bin Abd Manāf al-Matlabi al-Qarshī al-Makkī. (1990). Al-Umm. Bayrūt: Dār al-maʻrifah.
Al-Tabarī, A. J. M. B. J. (2000). Tafsīr al-Tabarī al-Musammā Jāmiʻ al-Bayān Fī-Taʼ wīl al-Qur’ān (1st edn.). ed. By Mahmūd M. Shākir and Ahmad M. Shākir. Syria, Damesq: Muʼassath al-Risālah.
Al-Zamakhsharī, A. Q. M. B. A. B. A. (1407H). Al-Kassāf ʻal-Haqāʼiq al-Tanzīl al-Gawāmid. (3rd ed.). Bayrūt: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʻArabī.
Al-Zuhaylī, M. (2008). Al-Marʼah al-Muslimah al-Muʻāsirah Makānatuhā-Huqūquhā-Ahkāmuhā. (1st ed.). Dimashq: Dār al-Fikr.
Ashʻath, I. H. A. D. S. B. (2008). English Translation of Sunan Abū Dāwūd, (1st ed.). Ahādīth edited & referenced. by Hāfiz Abū Tāhir Zubair ʻAlī Zaʻī, Trans. by Nāsiruddīn al-Khattāb (Canada). Final review by: Abū Khaliyl (USA), Riyād: Darussalam Global leaders in Islamic Books.
Che, J. (2017). Citizenship and the Social Position of Athenian Women in the Classical Age. A Prospect for Overcoming the Antithesis of Male and Female. Athens Journal of History, 3 (2), 97-118. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajhis.3-2-2
Cheema, S. A. (2017). Islamic Law of Inheritance Practices in Pakistan. Pakistan: Published by Shariʻah Academy, International Islamic University Islamabad.
Cornwall, A. (2016). Women’s Empowerment: What Works? Journal of International Development, 28 (3), 342–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3210
Della‐Giusta, M., & Phillips, C. (2006). Women entrepreneurs in the Gambia: challenges and opportunities. Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association, 18 (8), 1051-1064. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1279
Doi, A. R. I., & Bewley, A. (2006). Woman in Shari'ah. Kuala Lumpur: publisher, A.S. Noordeen.
Engineer, A. A. (1992). The Rights of Women in Islam. Malaysia, Petaling Jaya: Selangor Darul Ehsan, IBS Buku Sdn Bhd.
Gabriel, K. A. (2016). Performing Femininity: Gender in Ancient Greek Myth, Bard College, New York: Annandale-on-Hudson.
Habib, S. D. A. (1988). Al-Qamus al-Fiqhi Lughatan wa-Istilahan. Syira, Dimashq: Dar Al-Fikr.
Haque, M. F. (2020). Women Empowerment: An Analysis from the Qur’anic Perspective (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
Haque, M. F., Sarker, M. A. R., & Rahman, M. S. (2019). Sexual Harassment of Female Workers at Manufacturing Sectors in Bangladesh. Journal of Economics and Business, 2 (3), 334–340. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.02.03.140
Haque, M. F., Sarker, M. A. R., Rahman, M. S., & Rakibuddin, M. (2020). Discrimination of Women at RMG Sector in Bangladesh. Journal of Social and Political Sciences, 3 (1), 112-118. http://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1991.03.01.152
Hashia, H. (2017). Role of Muslim Modern Women. Muslim Women’s Contributions to Society. Kuala Lumpur: Fajar Ulung Sdn.Bhd.
Hussain, J. A. (1987). Status of Women Islam. Pakistan: Law Publishing Company.
Ibn Kathīr, (1999). Tafsīr al-Qurʼān al- ʻAzīm. (2nd ed.). ed. by, Sāmī bin Muhammad Salāmah. Al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Tayyibah li-al-Nasr wa al-Tawjīʻ.
Islam, M. S., & Dogra, S. (2011). Women empowerment in Bangladesh: The rise of the other half (ISAS Working Paper no 119). Institute of South Asian Studies. National University of Singapore.
Jawad, A. H. (1998). The rights of women in Islam: An authentic approach. Great Britain: London, Macmillan Press Ltd.
Jensen, A. M. (1995). The status of women and the social context of reproduction. Journal of International Development, 7 (1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3380070105
Jibālī, M. (2005). Inheritance: Regulations & Exhortations (2nd ed.). USA: al-Kitab & as-Sunnah Publisher.
Kayyāl, B. (1981). Tatawwar Al-Mar’ah ‘Abrah al-Tārīkh. Bayrūt: Muʼassasahʻizzuddīn Li-al-tbāʻah wa al-Nasr.
Khan, I., Abdullah, M. F., Rahman, N. N. A., Nor, M. R. B. M., & Yusoff, M. Y. Z. B. M. (2016). The right of women in property sharing in Bangladesh: Can the islamic inheritance system eliminate discrimination? SpringerPlus, 5 (1), 1695. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3347-2
Khan, M. I. (2012). Empowerment of Muslim Women. London: Koros Press Limited.
Knaplund, K. S. (2008). The Evolution of Women's Rights in Inheritance. Hastings Women's LJ, 19, 3.
Mosedale, S. (2014). Women's empowerment as a development goal: taking a feminist standpoint. Journal of International Development, 26 (8), 1115-1125. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3050
MV Media. (2011). Protests after Bangladesh government propose equal inheritance laws. International News. Available: https://muslimvillage.com (April 6, 2011)
Mzee, M. M. (2016). Islamic Law of Inheritance: The Case of Illegitimate Child and Possibility of Having an Assets of Deceased Father: A Tanzanian Case Study. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization. 45, 55-59.
Naveed, A., & Alwani, N. (2010). Sexual harassment at workplace: are you safe? Journal of Ayub Medical College, 22 (3), 222.
NO, T. D. H. (2006). Arab Cultural Awareness: 58 Factsheets.
O'Neil, M. L., & Toktas, S. (2017). Women's Access to Property: A Comparative Study on Islamic and Kemalist Women in Turkey. Journal of Historical Sociology, 30 (3), 674-688. https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12154
Ridā, M. R. I. A. M. S. (1990). Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-Hakīm (Tafsīr al-Manār). Al-Qāhirah: Al-Hai’ah al-Misriyyah al- ‘Āmmah li-al-Kitāb.
Salāh, M. (2007). Asbāb al-Nuzūl lil-Imām al-Suyūtī (1st ed.). Al-Qāhirah: Maktabah al-Rihāb.
Scott, R. M. (2009). A Contextual Approach to Women's Rights in the Qur'an: Readings of 4: 34. The Muslim World, 99 (1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01253.x
Shah, N. (2006). Women, the Koran and international human rights law: the experience of Pakistan. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Shatzmiller, M. (1995). Women and property rights in Al-Andalus and the Maghrib: social patterns and legal discourse. Islamic Law and Society, 2 (3), 219-257.
Sourav, M. R. I. (2015). Unjust land right of women in Bangladesh. Int Res J Interdiscip Multidiscip Stud, 1 (3), 5-13. http://www.irjims.com
Stephenson, J. (1988). Women's roots: status and achievements in Western civilization. Diemer Smith Publishing Company.
Stino, M. (n.d). Al- Hadārāt al-assāmiyah al-Qadīmah, ed. Syyedya’Qubbakr & Muhammad al-Qassās. Cairo: Dār al-kutub al-Arabiyah.
Sultana, A. M., & Zulkefli, N. E. B. M. (2012). Discrimination against women in the developing countries: a comparative study. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2 (3), 256-259.
Tobi, Y. (1994). Inheritance rights of Jewish Women and Moslem Women in Yemen. In Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies (pp. 201-208). Seminar for Arabian Studies. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223419
Toktas, S., & O’neil, M. L. (2013). How Do Women Receive Inheritance? The Processes of Turkish Women’s Inclusion and Exclusion from Property. Asian Women, 29 (4), 25-50.
Tribune, D. (2018). Tunisia becomes the first Arab nation to approve gender equality in inheritance law. Dhaka Tribune. Available: https://www.dhakatribune.com (November 25th, 2018)
Ubayd, M. A. R. (1976). Al-Marʼah Wa-Dawruhā fi al-Hijrah. Qāhiah: Al-Majlisulʼaʻalā li al-sʼūn al-Islāmī.
Yamānī, A. Z. (2004). Al-Islām wa al-Marʼah. Al-Qahirah: Al-Muaʼssah al-Saʻūdiyyah bi Misr.
Yasun, S. (2018). Does education enable underprivileged women to achieve real equality in property rights? A case study of inheritance rights of women in Turkey. In Women's Studies International Forum, 69, 100-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2018.05.013
Published
2020-04-13
How to Cite
Haque, M. F., Solihin, S., Ahmad, N., & Jani, M. S. (2020). Women Rights to Inheritance in Muslim Family Law: An Analytical Study. International Journal of Islamic Business & Management, 4(1), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v4i1.543
Section
Original Articles/Review Articles/Case Reports/Short Communications
Copyright (c) 2020 Muhammad Faizul Haque, Sohirin Mohammad Solihin , Nadzrah Ahmad, Mohd Shah Jani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
