Artificial Intelligence (AI) Usage

The Journal pays considerable attention to issues related to the use of artificial intelligence in research and closely follows the latest developments in this area.

AI Usage and Authorship

According to our authorship criteria, as well as COPE and ICMJE’s positions on authorship, only human beings can be listed as authors, as currently, only human beings can be accountable for all work aspects.

Nevertheless, when submitting an article to the Journal, authors should indicate any usage of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies (e.g., large language models [LLMs], chatbots, image-generating programs, etc.) in writing the manuscript. Authors must describe, both in the cover letter and in the submitted paper, which AI technology was used (its name, version, model, and source) and how they used it. For example, if AI was used to assist in writing the paper, this should be indicated in the Acknowledgments section. If AI was used for data collection, analysis, or figure generation, the authors should describe this in the Methodology, Theoretical and Conceptual Framework (or similar) section. We ask to put full input prompts and obtained outputs in the paper’s Appendices, as the AI technologies may generate new data from the same input each new session and readers may need the exact text generated by AI for understanding the research.

During the peer-review process, the journal’s editors check manuscripts for plagiarism and AI usage. Failure to indicate the use of AI may serve as a reason to doubt the authorship and compliance with publication ethics. Therefore, it may serve as a reason for rejection. Additionally, not indicating the usage of AI may entail violating the AI software’s usage policies.

As AI technologies can generate output data that are incorrect, incomplete, or biased, it is the author’s responsibility to verify all AI-created content for factual accuracy and reliability, as well as for plagiarism. Among other things, this covers any quotations, citations, and references. In addition, authors must check whether figures, created or edited using AI technologies, appropriately depict the information provided in the manuscript.

Use of AI Images

As a publisher, AR&P strictly adheres to current copyright laws. Therefore, no figure in the submitted papers should be created or altered using generative AI-assisted technologies, as it may cause copyright issues. However, using non-generative AI technologies to modify or combine figures containing the research data is permittable. The details of such usage should be described in the Methodology, Theoretical and Conceptual Framework (or similar) section.

AI Use by Peer Reviewers

Though AI technologies may be an effective tool for content analysis, we ask our reviewers to refrain from using generative AI tools, such as natural language processors, large language models, etc., for reviews. Journal’s guidelines require the reviewer to keep confidentiality and not share any part of the manuscript with third parties. Therefore, it would be against the the Journal’s policies to use generative AI technologies to assess manuscripts and prepare peer-review evaluations. As a generative AI technology learns from the input it receives, it may use gained from the manuscript data to produce outputs to unspecified third parties, thus also violating our authors’ copyright. In addition, uploading a manuscript that contains personally identifying data to any AI technology may violate data privacy rights.

Any other use of AI technology that does not violate the the Journal’s policies has to be discussed before review with our editors and further indicated in the referee report.

Such requirements align with NIH’s notice on generative AI technologies usage for peer review process, Australian Research Council’s policy on use of generative artificial intelligence, and COPE. They may be revised over time with new developments in AI technologies.

Quoting the text created by AI technology

The usage of AI technologies, such as ChatGPT or others, in the research needs to be appropriately cited. APA, which style format we use in our journals, recommends citing AI as an “algorithm’s output”. As an author, APA suggests denoting the company that developed AI technology. As a date, one must put the year of the used version. As a title, APA recommends mentioning the model’s name (technology). After the title, one has to denote the version number in parentheses. Then goes a description of a technology in brackets (for example, a multimodal large language model for ChatGPT-4, large language model, image generation model, etc.).  In the end, put the URL where one can access the technology. For example:

Reference

OpenAI. (2024). ChatGPT (4o mini) [Large language model]. https://chatgpt.com/

In-text citations

Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2024), or (OpenAI, 2024; see Appendix A for the full transcript)

Narrative citation: OpenAI (2024)