EXPLORING THE ROLE OF FOOD AID PROGRAMS IN STRENGTHENING RESILIENCE AMONG PASTORALIST COMMUNITIES IN KAJIADO COUNTY

Main Article Content

Stephen Oseur Lekasi
Antony Wando Odek

Abstract

Drought is one of the most prevalent natural hazards that pose a threat to food security as well as pastoral livelihoods in Kenya and Africa in general. This research explores the contribution of food aid interventions towards enhancing the resilience of pastoralist communities within Kajiado County. Based on Social-Ecological Resilience and Political Ecology principles, the research investigated the impact of food aid on household food security, livelihood diversification, and adaptation dynamics in response to recurring droughts. The research employed qualitative methods with 25 purposively selected key informants and included household representatives, leaders, and local authority members. The data were collected through focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and key informant interviews and analyzed using themes. The implications are that, while food relief is critical in the short term for drought survival, it makes little contribution to long-term livelihood diversification except in combination with complementary assistance like skills training, micro-grants, or agricultural inputs. Most diversification activities, such as charcoal production, bead making, and spontaneous trade, were driven by necessity rather than organized assistance. Food aid was also described as irregular, poorly targeted, and insufficient for sustainable economic transformation in similar terms. The study concludes that food assistance to be effective in promoting resilience needs to move from reactive relief to development programming. The study calls for the need to  connect assistance with vocational training, market access, as well as structural inequality mitigation, specifically the one being encountered by women. The aforementioned interventions are necessary to the emergence of adaptive, autonomous pastoral societies.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

Section

Research Paper/Theoretical Paper/Review Paper/Short Communication Paper

Author Biographies

Stephen Oseur Lekasi , PhD Candidate, Department of Development Studies, St. Paul's University, Limuru, Kenya

Stephen Oseur Lekasi is an employee of the Teachers Service Commission (TSC), currently serving as a secondary school principal. He is pursuing a PhD in Development Studies at St. Paul’s University, Kenya. His research focuses on the intersection of rural development and community resilience, with a specific interest in how food aid programs influence the adaptive capacity of pastoralist communities. His current work examines food aid interventions in Kajiado County.

Antony Wando Odek, Senior Lecturer, Department of Development Studies, St. Paul's University, Limuru, Kenya

Dr. Antony Wando Odek is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology and Development Studies at St. Paul’s University, Kenya. He has a strong research background in medical sociology, social policy, and rural livelihoods. His work addresses sustainable development, public health, and the well-being of marginalized populations in Kenya. He has supervised numerous postgraduate theses and regularly contributes to academic and policy discussions on development in East Africa.

How to Cite

Lekasi , S. O. ., & Odek, A. W. . (2025). EXPLORING THE ROLE OF FOOD AID PROGRAMS IN STRENGTHENING RESILIENCE AMONG PASTORALIST COMMUNITIES IN KAJIADO COUNTY. American International Journal of Social Science Research, 16(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v16i1.2429

References

Ajl, M. (2023). Theories of Political Ecology: Monopoly Capital against People and the Planet. Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy, 12(1), 12-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/22779760221145232

Angeler, D. G., Chaffin, B. C., Sundstrom, S. M., Garmestani, A., Pope, K. L., Uden, D. R., ... & Allen, C. R. (2020). Coerced regimes: management challenges in the Anthropocene. Ecol Soc. 25(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11286-250104

Barrett, C. B. (2021). Overcoming global food security challenges through science and solidarity. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 103(2), 422-447.https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12160

Bowen, S., Elliott, S., & Hardison-Moody, A. (2022). Rural food insecurity: A longitudinal analysis of low-income rural households with children in the South. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 8(3), 50–77. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.3.02

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Toward good practice in thematic analysis: Avoiding common problems and be(com)ing a knowing researcher. International Journal of Transgender Health, 24(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2022.2129597

Cherono, A., & Recha, C. W. (2024). Vulnerability to climate change from the Kenyan perspective. Open Access Library Journal, 11, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1111874

Dreher, A., Fuchs, A., Parks, B., Strange, A. M., & Tierney, M. J. (2021). Aid, China, and growth: Evidence from a new global development finance dataset. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 13(2), 135–174. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180631

Herbert, S. (2024). Geography of inequality, geography of development: Water politics in India. World Development Perspectives, 33, 100550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2023.100550

Hossain, M. S., Alam, M. K., & Ali, M. S. (2024). Phenomenological approach in the qualitative study: Data collection and saturation. ICRRD Quality Index Research Journal, 5(2), 148-172. https://doi.org/10.53272/icrrd.v5i2.4

Inman, E. N. (2024). “There are no true Himbas anymore”: Exploring the dynamics of the Himba culture and land use in the face of change in Kunene Region, Namibia. Sustainability, 16(4), 1582. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041582

Jackson, G., & Piggott-McKellar, A. (2021). Gods, spirits and natural hazards: Ontologies and epistemologies of natural hazards and climate change in Kiribati and Papua new guinea. In Beyond Belief: Opportunities for Faith-Engaged Approaches to Climate-Change Adaptation in the Pacific Islands (pp. 81-98). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67602-5_5

Kuhmonen, I. (2020). The resilience of Finnish farms: Exploring the interplay between agency and structure. Journal of Rural Studies, 80, 360-371 371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.10.012

Mosurska, A., Clark‐Ginsberg, A., Ford, J., Sallu, S. M., & Davis, K. (2023). International humanitarian narratives of disasters, crises, and Indigeneity. Disasters, 47(4), 913-941. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12576

Ndiritu, S. W. (2021). Drought responses and adaptation strategies to climate change by pastoralists in the semi-arid area, Laikipia County, Kenya. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for Global Change, 26, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-021-09949-2

Nyahunda, L. (2021). Social work empowerment model for mainstreaming the participation of rural women in the climate change discourse. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work, 6(2), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41134-020-00148-8

Ofori, S. A., Cobbina, S. J., & Obiri, S. (2021). Climate change, land, water, and food security: Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 680924. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.680924

Olney, D. K., Marshall, Q., Honton, G., Ogden, K., Hambayi, M., Piccini, S., Go, A., Gelli, A., & Bliznashka, L. (2020). Leveraging an implementation-research partnership to improve effectiveness of nutrition-sensitive programs at the World Food Programme. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 41(1), 18–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572119874273

Omulo, A. G. (2022). Towards an evaluation of the nexus between unfettered, unregulated capitalism, donor aid and debt relief inconsistencies, and the problem of post-election violence in Kenya. The International Journal of Human Rights, 27(1), 22–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2022.2059656

Sebele-Mpofu, F. Y. (2020). Saturation controversy in qualitative research: Complexities and underlying assumptions. A literature review. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1838706

Seeger, M. W., Nowling, W., & Seeger, H. S. (2024). Keystone theories of postcrisis discourse: communication theory of resilience and discourse of renewal. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 32(1), e12533. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12533

Semplici, G., & Campbell, T. (2023). The revival of the drylands: Re-learning resilience to climate change from pastoral livelihoods in East Africa. Climate and Development, 15(9), 779–792. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2022.2160197

Shao, J., & Wang, M. (2022). Revisiting economic effectiveness of foreign aid: The case of Japanese aid to China. The World Economy, 45(7), 2284-2304. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13224

Shisler, R., Oceguera, E. C., Hardison-Moody, A., & Bowen, S. (2023). Addressing and preventing food and housing insecurity among college students: An asset-based approach. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 12(2), 135-153. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2023.122.022

Stagner, F., & Mulundano, J. (2024). Toward a critical theory of social–ecological resilience: Maize and cattle in Southern Province, Zambia. Ambio, 53(9), 1383-1394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-024-02013-8

Steils, N. (2021). Qualitative experiments for social sciences. New trends in qualitative research, 6, 24-31.https://doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.6.2021.24-31

Sultana, F. (2021). Climate change, COVID-19, and the co-production of injustices: A feminist reading of overlapping crises. Social & Cultural Geography, 22(4), 447-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2021.1910994

Tora, T. T., Degaga, D. T., & Utallo, A. U. (2022). Impacts of livelihood assets on livelihood security in drought-prone Gamo lowlands of southwest Ethiopia. Geography and Sustainability, 3(1), 58-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2022.02.002

Urwin, E., Botoeva, A., Arias, R., Vargas, O., & Firchow, P. (2023). Flipping the power dynamics in measurement and evaluation: International aid and the potential for a grounded accountability model. Negotiation journal, 39(4), 401-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12448

Visnovitz, P., & Jenne, E. K. (2021). Populist argumentation in foreign policy: The case of Hungary under Viktor Orbán, 2010–2020. Comparative European Politics, 19(6), 683–702. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-021-00256-3

Yala, J. A., Onono, J. O., Ogara, W. O., Ouma, G. O., & Okuthe, S. O. (2020). Adaptation measures to mitigate the impacts of climate variability among pastoralists in Kajiado, Kenya. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 38(10), 156–166. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2020/v38i1030442

Yiridomoh, G. Y., Chireh, V. K., Bonye, S. Z., & Derbile, E. K. (2021). Enhancing the adaptive capacity of pro-poor populations for climate change adaptation: Analysis of cash transfer programs in rural Ghana. Local Environment, 26(1), 146-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2020.1867839

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.