Antecedents of Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Tripura, India
Keywords:
Financial Inclusion, Credit, Financial Institutions, Self Help Group (SHG).
Abstract
The present research assesses the determinants of financial inclusion of members of Self Help Groups (SHGs). The research work is done with primary data collection from around 380 members who are beneficiaries of 95 SHGs in Tripura, India. After performing factor analysis, six major factors named Physical Infrastructure, Financial Awareness, IT Infrastructure, Suitability of Financial Products, Ease of Banking and Economic Status of members of SHGs were identified as major factors that play a pivotal role in bringing financial inclusion of the members of SHG. In these 6 factors, some other factors were also added such as age, income, education, landholding, the regularity of income, earning members count, gender, caste, location, religion, etc. Fitting ordinal logistic regression model, it was found that, the important factors that have an impact on financial inclusion on the members of the SHGs are financial awareness, ease of banking and economic status of the members, the relevance of financial products, physical infrastructure, monthly income, landholding, education, age and their status with respect to the BPL category. The decision-makers in power should collaborate with financial institutions should consider and apply this finding during the disbursement of loans.
References
Abiad, V.G., Cuevas, C. E. & Graham, D. H. (1988). Borrower transaction costs and credit rationing in rural financial markets: the Philippine case.
Akpandjar, G. M., Quartey, P., & Abor, J. (2013). Demand for financial services by households in Ghana. International Journal of Social Economics.
Aslan, G., Delchet, G., & Monique, N. (2012). Inequality in Financial Inclusion, Gender Gaps, and Income Inequality. IMF Working Papers , 2-32.
Bartholomew, D. & Child, D. (1980). Factor Analysis for Categorical Data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 42(3), 293-321.
Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Martinez Peria, M. S. (2006). Banking services for everyone? Barriers to bank access and use around the world. The World Bank.
Beck, T., Asli, D.K., & Soledad, M. (2008). Effective Interest Rates and Other Practices in Indian Micro-Finance. World Bank Economic Review , 397–430.
Bhattacharjee, J. & Singh, R. (2017). Awareness about equity investment among retail investors: A kaleidoscopic view. Qualitative Research in Financial Market, 9(2), 310-324.
Bhattacharyay, B. N. (2016). Determinants of Financial Inclusion of Urban Poor in India: An Empirical Analysis. CESifo Working Paper Series No. 6096.
Billimoria, J., Penner, J., & Knoote, F. (2013). Developing the next generation of economic citizens: financial inclusion and education for children and youth. Enterprise development & microfinance, 24(3), 204-217.
Bordoloi, D., Singh, R., Bhattacharjee, J., & Bezborah, P. (2020). Assessing the Awareness of Islamic Law on Equity Investment in State of Assam, India. Journal of Islamic Finance, 9(1), 001-012.
Brynjolfsson, E., & Hitt, L. M. (2000). Beyond computation: Information technology, organizational transformation and business performance. Journal of Economic perspectives, 14(4), 23-48.
Buera, F. J., & Shin, Y. (2013). Financial frictions and the persistence of history: A quantitative exploration. Journal of Political Economy, 121(2), 221-272.
Campbell, J. Y. (2006). Household Finance. Journal of Finance, 12(03), 1553-1604.
Child, D. (2006). The essentials of factor analysis. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Choudhury, M., & Singh, R. (2015). Customer’s experience in financial inclusion through bancassurance. The Journal of Insurance Institute of India, 2(4), 55-61.
Choudhury, M., Singh, R. & Saikia, H. (2016). Measuring Customer Experience in Bancassurance: An Empirical Study, Tržište-Review for Marketing Theory and Practice, 28 (1), 47-62.
Clarke, G. R., Xu, L. C., & Zou, H. F. (2006). Finance and income inequality: what do the data tell us?. Southern economic journal, 578-596.
Cerny, B. A., & Kaiser, H. F. (1977). A study of a measure of sampling adequacy for factor-analytic correlation matrices. Multivariate behavioral research, 12(1), 43-47.
Camara, N., Pena, X., & Tuesta, D. (2014). Factors that matter for financial inclusion: Evidence from Peru (No. 1409).
Collins, & Daryl. (2009). Portfolios of the Poor. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Das, P. K. (2010). The up-scaling of technology to build inclusive financial systems in India. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 2(5), 67-70.
Deb, S., & Singh, R. (2018). Dynamics of risk perception towards mutual fund investment decisions. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 11(2), 407-424.
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L. F., & Randall, D. (2013). Islamic Finance and Financial Inclusion: Measuring Use of and Demand for Formal Financial Services Among Muslim Adults. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (6642).
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Klapper, L. (2013). Measuring financial inclusion: Explaining variation in use of financial services across and within countries. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2013(1), 279-340.
Donovan, & Poole, (2013). Asset building in response to value chain development: lessons from taro producers in Nicaragua. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 11(1), 23-37.
Donovan, J., Blare, T., & Poole, N. (2017). Stuck in a rut: emerging cocoa cooperatives in Peru and the factors that influence their performance. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 15 (2), 169-184.
Donovan, J., Franzel, S., Cunha, M., Gyau, A., & Mithöfer, D. (2015). Guides for value chain development: a comparative review. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 5(1), 2-23.
en, F., Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., & Peria, M. S. M. (2012). The foundations of financial inclusion: Understanding ownership and use of formal accounts. The World Bank.
Fernandes, D., Lynch Jr, J. G., & Netemeyer, R. G. (2014). Financial literacy, financial education, and downstream financial behaviors. Management Science, 60(8), 1861-1883.
Field, A. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 2nd edn. Sage Publications, London.
Ford, J., & Rowlingson, K. (1996). Low-income households and credit: exclusion, preference, and inclusion. Environment and Planning A, 28(8), 1345-1360.
Fu, J., Queralt, J., & Romano, M. (2017). Financial inclusion and the 2030 agenda for sustainable development: a missed opportunity. Enterprise Development and Microfinance, 28(3), 200-211.
Fungáčová, Z., & Weill, L. (2013). Does competition influence bank failures? Evidence from Russia. Economics of Transition, 21(2), 301-322.
Gangopadhayay, S. (2009). How can technology facilitate financial inclusion in India? A discussion paper. Review of Market Integration, 1(2), 223-256.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Gupta, S. K. (2011). Financial Inclusion–IT as enabler. Reserve Bank of India Occasional Papers, 32(2), 129-148.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C., (1995). Multivariate data analyses with readings. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Harman, H. (1976). Modern factor analysis. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
Harper, M. (1996). Self-help groups-some issues from India. Small Enterprise Development (United Kingdom).
Harper, M., (2002). Promotion of self help groups under the SHG bank linkage programme in India. In Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage programme at New Delhi.
Harris, M. N., Loundes, J., & Webster, E. (1999). Determinants of household saving in Australia. Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research.
Hendricks, L., & Chidiac, S. (2011). Village savings and loans: A pathway to financial inclusion for Africa’s poorest households. Enterprise Development and Microfinance, 22(2), 134-146.
Hishigsuren, G. (2006). Information and communication technology and microfinance: Options for Mongolia (No. 42). ADB Institute Discussion Papers.
Johnson, S., & Nino-Zarazua, M. (2007). www.fsdu.or.ug. Retrieved November 2, 2016, from www.fsdu.or.ug/pdfs/financial %20Exclusion%20m%Uganda%20
Kant, K (2014). Households Put Two-Thirds of Their Savings into Houses, Gold, Business Standard published on 31.05.2014 and retrieve on 1.03.2017.
Karlan, D., & Morduch, J. (2009). Access to Finance Chapter 2. In Handbook of Development Economics. North Holland.
Kedir, A. (2003). Determinants of Access to Credit and Loan Amount: Household-level Evidence from Urban Ethiopia. International Conference on African Development Archives.
Kempson, E., & Whyley C. (1998). Access to Current Account . London : British Bankers’ Association.
Kempson, E., & Whyley, C. (1999). Kept Out? or Opted Out? Understanding and combating financial exclusion. Bristol, Great Britain: The Policy Press.
Kennedy, J. J. (1992). Analyzing qualitative data: Log-linear analysis for behavioral research. Praeger Publishers.
Kumar, C., & Mishra, S. (2011). Banking Outreach and Household level Access:Analyzing Financial Inclusion in India. 13th Annual Conference on Money and Finance in the Indian Economy, pp. 1-33.
Kumar, N. (2013). Financial inclusion and its determinants: evidence from India. Journal of Financial Economic Policy.
Leyshon, A., & Thrift, N. (1995). Geographies of financial exclusion: financial abandonment in Britain and the United States. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 312-341.
Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2011). Financial literacy and planning: Implications for retirement wellbeing (No. w17078). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Menard, S. (1995). Applied Logistic Regression Analysis, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Moore, D. (2003). Survey of Financial Literacy in Washington State: Knowledge Behavior, Attitudes, and Experiences. Washington State University: Social and Economic Sciences Research Center.
Myers, R. H. (1990). Detecting and combating multicollinearity. Classical and modern regression with applications, 368-423.
Nair, T. S., & Tankha, A. (2015). Inclusive Finance India Report 2014. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Nunnaly, J. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw Hill.
Nwuke, K. (1997). Transactions Cost and Savings Mobilization: Evidence from Six Sub Saharan African Countries. UNECA
Perry, V. G., & Morris, M. D. (2005). Who is in control? The role of self‐perception, knowledge, and income in explaining consumer financial behavior. Journal of consumer affairs, 39(2), 299-313.
Porteous, D., & Zollmann, J. (2016). Making financial markets work healthily for the poor. Enterprise Development and Microfinance, 27(1), 5-20.
Premchander, S. & Harper, M. (2018). Guest editorial: Reaching the poorest with finance and enterprise support.
Raheem, A. A. (2012). Women Empowerment through Self Help Groups (SHGs). New Delhi: New Century Publications.
Rogers, E. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations, New York, Free Press
Roy, S., Singh, H. R., & Singh, R. (2017). Factors Affecting the Financial Inclusion of SHG Members: An Empirical Study in Tripura. IUP Journal of Bank Management, 16(3).
Roy, S., Singh, H. R., & Singh, R. (2017). Demand factors that influence financial inclusion of SHG members in Tripura: Analysis of the barriers based on empirical study. Wealth: International Journal of Money, Banking & Finance, 6(1).
Sahoo, A. K., Pradhan, B. B., & Sahu, N. C. (2017). Determinants of financial inclusion in tribal districts of Odisha: An empirical investigation. Social Change, 47(1), 45-64.
Sinclair, H., & Gamser, M. (2013). Crossfire:Should financial inclusion be part of the next set of MDGs?. Enterprise development & microfinance, 24(4), 275-281.
Sinclair, S. (2013). Financial inclusion and social financialisation: Britain in a European context. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy.
Singh, R. & Bhattacharjee, D. (2010a). Equity Investment Decisions: Are Demographic Variables Really Significant? Paradigm-An IMT Journal, 14 (1), 7-11.
Singh, R. & Bhowal, A. (2010). Imparting Investment Education to Employees by the Employer: An Expectation-Experience Gap Study. Amity Management Analyst, 5(2), 57-65.
Singh, R. (2011). Equity Investment Culture and Entrepreneurship-Culture-Initiation and Adaptation. Pacific Business Review International, 4(1), 66- 71.
Singh, R. (2012). Risk Perception of Investors in Initial Public Offer of Shares: A Psychometric Study. Asia-Pacific Journal of Risk and Insurance, 6(2).
Singh, R., & Bhattacharjee, D. (2010b). Impact of Demographic Variables on Indirect Equity Investment: An Empirical Study. Indira Management Review, 4(1), 4-11.
Singh, R., & Bhattacharjee, J. (2019). Measuring Equity Share Related Risk Perception of Investors in Economically Backward Regions. Risks, 7(1), 12.
Singh, R., & Bhowal, A. (2011). Development of marketing‐driven measure of risk perception. The Journal of Risk Finance, 12(2), 140-152.
Singh, R., Pandiya, B., Upadhyay, C. K., & Singh, M. K. (2020). IT-Governance Framework Considering Service Quality and Information Security in Banks in India. International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals (IJHCITP), 11(1), 64-91.
Sinha, S., Pandey, K. R., & Madan, N. (2018). FinTech and the demand side challenge in financial inclusion. Enterprise development & microfinance, 29(1), 94-98.
Tabachnik, B., & Fidell, L. (2007). Using multivariate . Boston: MA: Allyn & Bacon
Tiwari, C. & Singh, R. (2018). Perception of English Language Teachers towards the use of ICT for Teaching English: an Empirical Study. Pacific Business Review International, 10(12), 7-19
Tuesta, D., Sorensen, G., Haring, A., & Camara, N. (2015). Financial inclusion and its determinants: the case of Argentina. Madrid: BBVA Research.
Wangwe, S. 2004. Innovation in Rural Finance in Tanzania. Paper presented at the Third Annual Conference on Microfinance, AICC, Tanzania .
Yadav, P., & Sharma, A. K. (2016). Financial inclusion in India: an application of TOPSIS. Humanomics.
Zimmerman, J. M., & Holmes, J. (2012). The G2P opportunity: Five reasons why now is the time to leverage social protection to enable financial inclusion and savings among the poorest. Enterprise Development and Microfinance Journal, 23(1), 38.
Zins, A., & Weill, L. (2016). The determinants of financial inclusion in Africa. Review of Development Finance, 6 (1), 46-57. URL: http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii S.
Akpandjar, G. M., Quartey, P., & Abor, J. (2013). Demand for financial services by households in Ghana. International Journal of Social Economics.
Aslan, G., Delchet, G., & Monique, N. (2012). Inequality in Financial Inclusion, Gender Gaps, and Income Inequality. IMF Working Papers , 2-32.
Bartholomew, D. & Child, D. (1980). Factor Analysis for Categorical Data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 42(3), 293-321.
Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Martinez Peria, M. S. (2006). Banking services for everyone? Barriers to bank access and use around the world. The World Bank.
Beck, T., Asli, D.K., & Soledad, M. (2008). Effective Interest Rates and Other Practices in Indian Micro-Finance. World Bank Economic Review , 397–430.
Bhattacharjee, J. & Singh, R. (2017). Awareness about equity investment among retail investors: A kaleidoscopic view. Qualitative Research in Financial Market, 9(2), 310-324.
Bhattacharyay, B. N. (2016). Determinants of Financial Inclusion of Urban Poor in India: An Empirical Analysis. CESifo Working Paper Series No. 6096.
Billimoria, J., Penner, J., & Knoote, F. (2013). Developing the next generation of economic citizens: financial inclusion and education for children and youth. Enterprise development & microfinance, 24(3), 204-217.
Bordoloi, D., Singh, R., Bhattacharjee, J., & Bezborah, P. (2020). Assessing the Awareness of Islamic Law on Equity Investment in State of Assam, India. Journal of Islamic Finance, 9(1), 001-012.
Brynjolfsson, E., & Hitt, L. M. (2000). Beyond computation: Information technology, organizational transformation and business performance. Journal of Economic perspectives, 14(4), 23-48.
Buera, F. J., & Shin, Y. (2013). Financial frictions and the persistence of history: A quantitative exploration. Journal of Political Economy, 121(2), 221-272.
Campbell, J. Y. (2006). Household Finance. Journal of Finance, 12(03), 1553-1604.
Child, D. (2006). The essentials of factor analysis. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Choudhury, M., & Singh, R. (2015). Customer’s experience in financial inclusion through bancassurance. The Journal of Insurance Institute of India, 2(4), 55-61.
Choudhury, M., Singh, R. & Saikia, H. (2016). Measuring Customer Experience in Bancassurance: An Empirical Study, Tržište-Review for Marketing Theory and Practice, 28 (1), 47-62.
Clarke, G. R., Xu, L. C., & Zou, H. F. (2006). Finance and income inequality: what do the data tell us?. Southern economic journal, 578-596.
Cerny, B. A., & Kaiser, H. F. (1977). A study of a measure of sampling adequacy for factor-analytic correlation matrices. Multivariate behavioral research, 12(1), 43-47.
Camara, N., Pena, X., & Tuesta, D. (2014). Factors that matter for financial inclusion: Evidence from Peru (No. 1409).
Collins, & Daryl. (2009). Portfolios of the Poor. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Das, P. K. (2010). The up-scaling of technology to build inclusive financial systems in India. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 2(5), 67-70.
Deb, S., & Singh, R. (2018). Dynamics of risk perception towards mutual fund investment decisions. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 11(2), 407-424.
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L. F., & Randall, D. (2013). Islamic Finance and Financial Inclusion: Measuring Use of and Demand for Formal Financial Services Among Muslim Adults. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (6642).
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Klapper, L. (2013). Measuring financial inclusion: Explaining variation in use of financial services across and within countries. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2013(1), 279-340.
Donovan, & Poole, (2013). Asset building in response to value chain development: lessons from taro producers in Nicaragua. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 11(1), 23-37.
Donovan, J., Blare, T., & Poole, N. (2017). Stuck in a rut: emerging cocoa cooperatives in Peru and the factors that influence their performance. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 15 (2), 169-184.
Donovan, J., Franzel, S., Cunha, M., Gyau, A., & Mithöfer, D. (2015). Guides for value chain development: a comparative review. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 5(1), 2-23.
en, F., Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., & Peria, M. S. M. (2012). The foundations of financial inclusion: Understanding ownership and use of formal accounts. The World Bank.
Fernandes, D., Lynch Jr, J. G., & Netemeyer, R. G. (2014). Financial literacy, financial education, and downstream financial behaviors. Management Science, 60(8), 1861-1883.
Field, A. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 2nd edn. Sage Publications, London.
Ford, J., & Rowlingson, K. (1996). Low-income households and credit: exclusion, preference, and inclusion. Environment and Planning A, 28(8), 1345-1360.
Fu, J., Queralt, J., & Romano, M. (2017). Financial inclusion and the 2030 agenda for sustainable development: a missed opportunity. Enterprise Development and Microfinance, 28(3), 200-211.
Fungáčová, Z., & Weill, L. (2013). Does competition influence bank failures? Evidence from Russia. Economics of Transition, 21(2), 301-322.
Gangopadhayay, S. (2009). How can technology facilitate financial inclusion in India? A discussion paper. Review of Market Integration, 1(2), 223-256.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Gupta, S. K. (2011). Financial Inclusion–IT as enabler. Reserve Bank of India Occasional Papers, 32(2), 129-148.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C., (1995). Multivariate data analyses with readings. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Harman, H. (1976). Modern factor analysis. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
Harper, M. (1996). Self-help groups-some issues from India. Small Enterprise Development (United Kingdom).
Harper, M., (2002). Promotion of self help groups under the SHG bank linkage programme in India. In Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage programme at New Delhi.
Harris, M. N., Loundes, J., & Webster, E. (1999). Determinants of household saving in Australia. Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research.
Hendricks, L., & Chidiac, S. (2011). Village savings and loans: A pathway to financial inclusion for Africa’s poorest households. Enterprise Development and Microfinance, 22(2), 134-146.
Hishigsuren, G. (2006). Information and communication technology and microfinance: Options for Mongolia (No. 42). ADB Institute Discussion Papers.
Johnson, S., & Nino-Zarazua, M. (2007). www.fsdu.or.ug. Retrieved November 2, 2016, from www.fsdu.or.ug/pdfs/financial %20Exclusion%20m%Uganda%20
Kant, K (2014). Households Put Two-Thirds of Their Savings into Houses, Gold, Business Standard published on 31.05.2014 and retrieve on 1.03.2017.
Karlan, D., & Morduch, J. (2009). Access to Finance Chapter 2. In Handbook of Development Economics. North Holland.
Kedir, A. (2003). Determinants of Access to Credit and Loan Amount: Household-level Evidence from Urban Ethiopia. International Conference on African Development Archives.
Kempson, E., & Whyley C. (1998). Access to Current Account . London : British Bankers’ Association.
Kempson, E., & Whyley, C. (1999). Kept Out? or Opted Out? Understanding and combating financial exclusion. Bristol, Great Britain: The Policy Press.
Kennedy, J. J. (1992). Analyzing qualitative data: Log-linear analysis for behavioral research. Praeger Publishers.
Kumar, C., & Mishra, S. (2011). Banking Outreach and Household level Access:Analyzing Financial Inclusion in India. 13th Annual Conference on Money and Finance in the Indian Economy, pp. 1-33.
Kumar, N. (2013). Financial inclusion and its determinants: evidence from India. Journal of Financial Economic Policy.
Leyshon, A., & Thrift, N. (1995). Geographies of financial exclusion: financial abandonment in Britain and the United States. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 312-341.
Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2011). Financial literacy and planning: Implications for retirement wellbeing (No. w17078). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Menard, S. (1995). Applied Logistic Regression Analysis, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Moore, D. (2003). Survey of Financial Literacy in Washington State: Knowledge Behavior, Attitudes, and Experiences. Washington State University: Social and Economic Sciences Research Center.
Myers, R. H. (1990). Detecting and combating multicollinearity. Classical and modern regression with applications, 368-423.
Nair, T. S., & Tankha, A. (2015). Inclusive Finance India Report 2014. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Nunnaly, J. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw Hill.
Nwuke, K. (1997). Transactions Cost and Savings Mobilization: Evidence from Six Sub Saharan African Countries. UNECA
Perry, V. G., & Morris, M. D. (2005). Who is in control? The role of self‐perception, knowledge, and income in explaining consumer financial behavior. Journal of consumer affairs, 39(2), 299-313.
Porteous, D., & Zollmann, J. (2016). Making financial markets work healthily for the poor. Enterprise Development and Microfinance, 27(1), 5-20.
Premchander, S. & Harper, M. (2018). Guest editorial: Reaching the poorest with finance and enterprise support.
Raheem, A. A. (2012). Women Empowerment through Self Help Groups (SHGs). New Delhi: New Century Publications.
Rogers, E. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations, New York, Free Press
Roy, S., Singh, H. R., & Singh, R. (2017). Factors Affecting the Financial Inclusion of SHG Members: An Empirical Study in Tripura. IUP Journal of Bank Management, 16(3).
Roy, S., Singh, H. R., & Singh, R. (2017). Demand factors that influence financial inclusion of SHG members in Tripura: Analysis of the barriers based on empirical study. Wealth: International Journal of Money, Banking & Finance, 6(1).
Sahoo, A. K., Pradhan, B. B., & Sahu, N. C. (2017). Determinants of financial inclusion in tribal districts of Odisha: An empirical investigation. Social Change, 47(1), 45-64.
Sinclair, H., & Gamser, M. (2013). Crossfire:Should financial inclusion be part of the next set of MDGs?. Enterprise development & microfinance, 24(4), 275-281.
Sinclair, S. (2013). Financial inclusion and social financialisation: Britain in a European context. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy.
Singh, R. & Bhattacharjee, D. (2010a). Equity Investment Decisions: Are Demographic Variables Really Significant? Paradigm-An IMT Journal, 14 (1), 7-11.
Singh, R. & Bhowal, A. (2010). Imparting Investment Education to Employees by the Employer: An Expectation-Experience Gap Study. Amity Management Analyst, 5(2), 57-65.
Singh, R. (2011). Equity Investment Culture and Entrepreneurship-Culture-Initiation and Adaptation. Pacific Business Review International, 4(1), 66- 71.
Singh, R. (2012). Risk Perception of Investors in Initial Public Offer of Shares: A Psychometric Study. Asia-Pacific Journal of Risk and Insurance, 6(2).
Singh, R., & Bhattacharjee, D. (2010b). Impact of Demographic Variables on Indirect Equity Investment: An Empirical Study. Indira Management Review, 4(1), 4-11.
Singh, R., & Bhattacharjee, J. (2019). Measuring Equity Share Related Risk Perception of Investors in Economically Backward Regions. Risks, 7(1), 12.
Singh, R., & Bhowal, A. (2011). Development of marketing‐driven measure of risk perception. The Journal of Risk Finance, 12(2), 140-152.
Singh, R., Pandiya, B., Upadhyay, C. K., & Singh, M. K. (2020). IT-Governance Framework Considering Service Quality and Information Security in Banks in India. International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals (IJHCITP), 11(1), 64-91.
Sinha, S., Pandey, K. R., & Madan, N. (2018). FinTech and the demand side challenge in financial inclusion. Enterprise development & microfinance, 29(1), 94-98.
Tabachnik, B., & Fidell, L. (2007). Using multivariate . Boston: MA: Allyn & Bacon
Tiwari, C. & Singh, R. (2018). Perception of English Language Teachers towards the use of ICT for Teaching English: an Empirical Study. Pacific Business Review International, 10(12), 7-19
Tuesta, D., Sorensen, G., Haring, A., & Camara, N. (2015). Financial inclusion and its determinants: the case of Argentina. Madrid: BBVA Research.
Wangwe, S. 2004. Innovation in Rural Finance in Tanzania. Paper presented at the Third Annual Conference on Microfinance, AICC, Tanzania .
Yadav, P., & Sharma, A. K. (2016). Financial inclusion in India: an application of TOPSIS. Humanomics.
Zimmerman, J. M., & Holmes, J. (2012). The G2P opportunity: Five reasons why now is the time to leverage social protection to enable financial inclusion and savings among the poorest. Enterprise Development and Microfinance Journal, 23(1), 38.
Zins, A., & Weill, L. (2016). The determinants of financial inclusion in Africa. Review of Development Finance, 6 (1), 46-57. URL: http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii S.
Published
2020-09-03
How to Cite
Singh, R., Roy, S., & Pandiya, B. (2020). Antecedents of Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Tripura, India. Indian Journal of Finance and Banking, 4(2), 79-92. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v4i2.745
Section
Regular Research Article/ Short Communication Article
Copyright (c) 2020 Ranjit Singh, Sankharaj Roy, Bhartrihari Pandiya
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
