American, Economic, Social Review, American Economic Social Review
REFORMS AND IMPROVEMENT INITIATIVES IN GOVERNMENT OF BANGLADESH: FIELD OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS (2010-2018)
When it comes to improving citizen service delivery standard and processes, or broadly, management in government (MIG), many reform programs and improvement efforts are ongoing across different ministries, departments, and agencies. As part of a larger field research, this paper investigates what those programs and projects are, and how they are doing, and what the gaps are. Analyzing the publicly available data on the government portal and donors’ website, this article provides an overall idea of current reforms in various places of government. In parallel, field research was conducted through visiting agency offices, observing office environment and mechanisms, and interviewing public managers who are working at district and sub-district level offices of directorates or agencies. As a trend, state-led development process and the traditional mode of administration have moved to New Public Management based quality and performance approach. All donors have their own strategy framework document like ‘Country Assistance strategy’, ‘Country Operations and Business Plan’, Logical Framework Document, etc. Many of the projects are sectoral and agency or ministry specific, having inherent limitations, due to ‘cadre’ based organizational structural arrangement. It is common ‘not to own the projects’, rather ‘using the fund as much as possible anyway within the given project duration’. When the fund ends, implementing units or agencies leave the projects alone. That is why many projects are actually half done without significant and sustained direction. JEL Classification Codes: J18, H83, I18.
Research Paper/Theoretical Paper/Review Paper/Short Communication Paper
Management in Government, Public Sector Reforms, Improvements in Government, Field Research, Qualitative Research.
Copyright (c) 2024 Moslehuddin Chowdhury Khaled
SOCIAL CAPITAL, EDUCATION AND CHOICE JOB SEARCH METHODS IN SENEGAL
The objective of this paper is to analyze the microeconomic impact of education on well-being, as measured by social capital in terms of the different means used to search for a job in Senegal. The endogenous variable (social capital) is categorized into four sub-modalities represented as follows: « Personal relations », « Advertisements-firms » composed of advertisements/media/internet and applications to firms; « Agencies-State » composed of the civil service, the employment office, private placement agencies and competitions/tests; and « Other » composed of the search for partners, the search for financing or any other means. The exogenous characteristic variables are the different levels of education (primary, middle, secondary and higher), the gender, the age and the marital status of the individuals aged at least 15 years. The data come from the ANSD's (2020) Senegal Poverty Monitoring Survey database on a sample of 168,203 individuals. Using Stata, the results obtained through estimation by the multinomial logistic method (MLM) show that only higher education has a positive and significant impact on all the means used to look for a job in Senegal, but at different levels and probabilities. This article suggests a strong expansion of networks of acquaintances and mutual aid because the higher the individual's social capital, the more chance he has of interacting with others, broadening his contacts and improving his well-being. Combined with a higher level of education, it offers job-seekers more opportunities to succeed in their search. JEL Classification Codes: A13, I31, I21, D90, C51.
Social Capital, Well-Being, Education, Job Search, MLM.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mame Sangone Diop, Latif Dramani
DETERMINANTS OF GDP PER CAPITA IN BANGLADESH: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
When making cross-country comparisons regarding the well-being and economic conditions of a population, GDP per capita is the most commonly used indicator. Hence, various economic indicators can affect GDP per capita. This study investigates the impact of inflation, exchange rate, and total reserves (including gold and USD) on GDP per capita in Bangladesh. The study employs a quantitative approach and follows a longitudinal research design. Time series data from 2012 to 2021 is collected using a stratified random sampling technique from the World Development Indicators provided by the World Bank. A range of statistical tests, such as Normality Test, Multivariate Outlier Analysis (Mahalanobis Distance), Multicollinearity Assessment (Tolerance and VIF), Goodness-of-Fit (GoF) Test, ANOVA Test, and Multiple Regression Analysis, were performed using SPSS v.22. The results reveal that exchange rate has a significant influence on GDP per capita, making it crucial factor for economic development, resilience, and export competitiveness. Total reserves were found to have minimal relation with GDP per capita. In contrast, inflation rate, although adversely impacting GDP per capita, remains important for maintaining overall economic stability. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that effective currency management is paramount for economic development. JEL Classification Codes: E31, F31, O47.
GDP per capita, Inflation Rate, Exchange Rate, Total Reserves (includes gold and USD).
Copyright (c) 2023 Md. Idris Ali, Md. Faisal-E-Alam
IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, BANGLADESH
Social media is a globally known and widely used means of social communication that has brought most people very close in today's world especially the Z generation or iGen who are more familiar and attracted to this medium. Among them are university students who mostly prefer to spend time on it and as a result, it might have either positive or negative effects on their academic studies. The current study aims to investigate the effect of social media on the academic performance of university students in Bangladesh. A well-structured questionnaire is used to collect data from 150 students of Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh and they are selected based on a convenient sampling procedure. Both descriptive and inferential statistics are applied to analyze the data. The study found that 73% of students engaged in social media for non-academic purposes and most of them visited the Facebook site. The study also found that the majority of the students visit social networking sites at home, and in residential halls, while most of them spend time on average more than four hours daily, and mostly from 6.00 pm to 6.00 am. The study reveals that time spent on social media and excessive usage of social media negatively impacts students’ academic performance. The study recommends that parents, teachers, and students’ advisor in the university guide and monitor students properly so that they can’t misuse social media. JEL Classification Codes: C12, C83, C88, I29.
Social Networking Site, iGen, Advisory Cell, Academic Performance .
Copyright (c) 2022 Md. Kamal Uddin, Md. Nazmul Huda, Md. Jafor Ali, Md. Shahbub Alam, Abul Bashar Bhuiyan
GOVERNMENTAL AND INSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVES AND ACTIONS FOR THE ATTRACTION AND EXPANSION OF E-COMMERCE BY WOMEN IN BANGLADESH
This research investigates the initiatives and actions taken by the Government of Bangladesh and institutions to attract women into e-commerce and introduce these women as financially independent. The existence and power of women in Bangladesh are very weak, and this is due to dependency, lack of education, and skills. To remove these obstacles and empower women through e-commerce, the Government and different institutions are taking various initiatives and actions as they can contribute to the development of Bangladesh. This study evaluates how Government and other institutions are working to introduce e-commerce as a strong tool for women's economic independence in Bangladesh. The Government is taking action to provide direct funds, introducing simple policies, tax exemptions, easy business space, transportation assistance, and many other ways. Different organizations are also working to assist the Government of Bangladesh in empowering women through e-commerce. The policy recommendations could be helpful for The Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh to mitigate its challenges and make this sector more profitable.
Women Entrepreneurship, Financially Independent, Governmental Support, Institutional Support
Copyright (c) 2022 Afsana Mimi, Md. Ali Imran, Tahrima Haque Beg, Md. Sazidur Rahman
EFFORTS BY WOMEN TO BECOME FINANCIALLY INDEPENDENT THROUGH E-COMMERCE DURING COVID-19: A STUDY ON BANGLADESH PERSPECTIVE
This research investigates the efforts taken by the women for introducing themselves as financially independent through e-commerce from the perspective of Bangladesh. After the outbreak of COVID-19, women of Bangladesh suffered a lot in case of – loss of jobs, lower wages, lower educational support, lower access to information, and deterioration of mental health due to depression and anxiety. At this bad time, e-commerce has shown women a new way of survival and gained economic independence. This study is for evaluating how e-commerce becomes a strong tool for women's economic independence during the period of this pandemic. Though there are some obstacles, e-commerce is opening the door to women’s success. Bangladesh is a developing country where most people think that the only duty of women is cooking and looking after children but e-commerce is giving the opportunity to the women to work at home and become financially independent. The policy recommendations for encouraging women in e-commerce and mitigating their challenges could be helpful for The Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh in making this sector more profitable. JEL Classification Codes: L81.
Women E-commerce, Women Entrepreneurship, Financially Independent, COVID-19 Pandemic
Copyright (c) 2022 Afsana Mimi, Md. Ali Imran, Jasia Mustafa, Tahrima Haque Beg, Md. Sazidur Rahman
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT BY COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN SOUTH ASIA: ISLAMIC ECONOMICAL TOOL BASED SHORT AND LONG TERM POLICY RESPONSES FOR SOUTH ASIAN MUSLIM COUNTRIES
The Covid-19 pandemic has direly smacked over 200 countries, threatening global economic growth that has adversely been peeved by the outbreak. It has patterned jeopardizes globally encompassing economic recession, probable high unemployment rate, mounting the poverty line and death of over 2.5 million people. Meanwhile, the second peak of the pandemic is infuriating many countries which may result in around 13% to 32% projected global trade downgrade. Alike, the South Asian economy is suffering from a dire hit of the pandemic and undergoing an atrocious economical mishap. It resulted in a potential decline in the economy than in a normal downturn which materialized different rebounds in habitual succession. Islam safeguards all necessities to authenticate people’s well-being. Protecting ‘life’ and ‘wealth’ from those necessities means securing the human being from natural and human-made shocks. Islam, therefore, represents a set of principles to exile the shocks like the Covid-19 pandemic. The paper aims to highlight the Islamic framework and policy responses using its financial tools to get rid of the pandemic crisis in South Asia, especially in the Muslim countries of the reign. JEL Classification Codes: A10
Copyright (c) 2022 Muhammad Mostofa Hossain, Luqman Haji Abdullah
THE HIGHER EDUCATION FINANCING BASED ON ISLAMIC SHARIAH: AN UNCONVENTIONAL APPROACH OF STUDENT LOAN
Quality Higher Education transforms human life into meaningful human resources. Moreover, it brings qualitative changes in humankind and socioeconomic development with the help of extended knowledge and higher skills. But, most of the traditional student loan mechanisms are based on interest (riba) therefore, many devout Muslims are struggling with traditional student financing, as interest (riba) is impermissible in Islamic shariah. This study aims to analyze student financing concepts based on shariah perspective and to evaluate the shariah issues that are associated to its application. The present qualitative study adopts mostly relied primary and secondary sources of Islamic shariah such as Quran, Hadith, Islamic Jurisprudence, and Islamic scholars’ views. The deliberations evolve at reviewing on the shariah concept of Qard-al-hassan, Qard-bil-ujrah, waqf (Islamic trust bank), and takaful. Finally, the present study highlights that the higher education financing based on the shariah concept could also be generalized into education financing that would be interest(riba) free and acceptable to the Muslim community at large.
: Education Financing, Shariah Based Financing, Qard Al Hassan, Qard Bil Ujrah, Waqf, and Takaful.
Copyright (c) 2021 Nor Effuandy Pfordten, Md. Jafor Ali, Norhaila Bt. Sabli, Md. Kamal Uddin, Abul Bashar Bhuiyan
IMPACT OF OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN
This research paper aims to find out the relationship between Official Development Assistance and sustainable development in Pakistan. Time series data was taken for the period of 42 years (1976 -2017). Sustainable Development is a dependent variable for which proxy variable of Adjusted Net Savings has been deployed. ODA (% of GNI), Inflation, Per Capita GDP and Trade (GDP %) have been used as explanatory variables. Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test has been applied to examine the nature of the data as time series data may contain unit root problems. ADF test confirms mixed order of integration for the selected variables, hence Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach was applied to find out the long-run relationship among the considered variables. Estimation of Error Correction Regression resulted in a significant long-run relationship between ODA and Sustainable Development. ECM Regression also signifies the negative and significant value of the speed of adjustment term confirming that the model is stable and convergent towards the equilibrium. Overall results of this study confirm a positive and highly significant relationship between ODA and the measure of sustainable development in Pakistan. Therefore it is recommended that attention should be given to drawing on foreign assistance and it should be subject to the transparent and efficient practices applied in the Aid Allocation. It significantly improves the overall welfare of Pakistan.
Official Development Assistance, Sustainable Development, Adjusted Net Savings.
Copyright (c) 2021 Fouzia Perveen, Afaq Ali Khan
EVALUATION OF PATIENTS’ SATISFACTION IN TELEMEDICINE SERVICE QUALITY: A CASE STUDY ON MAIZBHANDERI FOUNDATION, FATIKCHARI, BANGLADESH
Telemedicine provides healthcare services to the patients through the adaptation of a telecommunication system, as opposed to the face-to-face conventional way of visiting a hospital and doctor's chamber. In the new-normal situation during COVID 19, telemedicine is a new way forward in the absence of conventional appointments with doctors to ensure regular health services. It is important to evaluate patients' satisfaction with service qualities and their perception of telemedicine service. The study proposed a conceptual framework based on the e-SERVQUAL model and TAM model to evaluate the service qualities and customers' satisfaction. Data has been collected through a telephone questionnaire survey from the patients through the psychiatric department who have received healthcare services provided by Maizbhanderi Foundation. Data has been analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23 according to the patients’ responses on the service qualities including responsiveness, reliability, information quality, empathy, ease of use, perceived usefulness, and their satisfaction with the telemedicine service. The study used Spearman Rank Co-relation to evaluate the co-relation of service qualities with customer satisfaction following the conceptual framework of the study. The result shows a positive co-relation of service qualities with customers’ satisfaction. The study will help to determine the customers' satisfaction with service qualities using technology.
e-SERVQUAL Model, TAM Model, Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Maizbhanderi Foundation.
Copyright (c) 2021 Syed Irfanul Hoque, Asif Mahbub Karim, Md. Rabiul Hossen, Dina Arjumand
DIFFERENCES IN EXCLUSIONARY DISCIPLINE CONSEQUENCE ASSIGNMENT BY THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF BLACK STUDENTS DETERMINED TO BE AT-RISK: A TEXAS, STATEWIDE ANALYSIS
This study was conducted to determine the degree to which economic status was related to Discipline Alternative Education Program placement assignments for Grades 8 and 9 Black boys and Black girls who were at-risk during the 2017-2018 school year. Inferential statistical analyses of Texas statewide data revealed the presence of statistically significant differences in the number of Discipline Alternative Education Program placement assignments by the economic status of Black boys and Black girls at both grade levels. Grades 8 and 9 Black boys and girls who were at-risk and who were economically disadvantaged were assigned to statistically significantly more of these exclusionary discipline consequences than their counterparts who were not economically disadvantaged. Grade 8 Black boys who were economically disadvantaged were assigned to these exclusionary discipline consequences two times more often than Grade 8 Black boys who were not economically disadvantaged. Grade 8 Black girls who were economically disadvantaged were assigned to these exclusionary discipline consequences two-thirds more often than Grade 8 Black girls who were not economically disadvantaged. Grade 9 Black boys and Black girls who were economically disadvantaged were assigned these exclusionary discipline consequences one-third more often than their non-economically disadvantaged peers. Implications and recommendations for future research were discussed.
Discipline Alternative Education Program Placement, Economic Status, Discipline Consequences, Economically Disadvantaged, At-Risk, Exclusionary Discipline, Ethnicity/Race.
Copyright (c) 2021 Candace M. Pohl, John R. Slate
FINANCIAL FITNESS OF SELECTED PHARMACEUTICALS COMPANIES OF BANGLADESH: A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT
To understand the financial condition of a firm, it is mandated to evaluate the financial fitness of a firm, whether manufacturing, trading and service rendering etc. The main purpose of this research is to measure the financial fitness of leading pharmaceutical industries and listed on the stock exchange in Bangladesh. This study employs a sample of seven companies from pharmaceutical industries in Bangladesh where Altman’s Z-score model is used to assess the financial fitness of those companies by the prediction of whether they will go into bankruptcy within the next two years. By applying the model, it is revealed that SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Renata Limited and IBN SINA Pharmaceutical Limited are in a very good position with higher Z-Score. Beacon Pharmaceuticals Limited and Ambee Pharmaceuticals Limited are heading toward good scores. But ACI Limited and Beximco Pharmaceuticals Limited are financially unhealthy and there is a possibility of going into bankruptcy in the near future. The finding of the study suggested the main reason for such a situation is that the performance of companies is differed by declining market value of shares, falling total asset turnover, inadequate proportion of EBIT to total assets and insufficient liquid assets etc. JEL Classification Codes: G33, G53, M10.
Financial Fitness, Altman Z-Score, Bankruptcy, Pharmaceutical Company.
SOCIAL AWARENESS AND CREATIVITY ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM THROUGH E-LEARNING PLATFORM: A CASE OF MAIZBHANDER FOUNDATION'S MEDDHABIKASH PROGRAM, FATIKCHARI, BANGLADESH
Due to the pandemic situation, the whole world is in turmoil. The educational activities are being conducted via an e-Platform in Bangladesh. Social awareness and creativity enhancement Programs have also been limited from the wide range of conventional mode to virtual mode. In the meantime, many Social organizations and educational institutions have failed to manage their regular activities due to lack of technological support. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the success of social awareness and creativity enhancement programs through the e-Learning platform. In order to measure the success of the program a quasi-experimental research design has been applied. In order to collect data, a well-structured creativity, and awareness scale has been adapted. A questionnaire has been administered twice with the same sample. Once before the program offered and again after their participation in the program. The test-retest reliability of the scale would also check with a minimum of α=.80. Therefore, the findings of the research will show how much the effectiveness of those activities increased. This study will assist the social workers, teachers, students and concerned authority in operating creativity enhancement related co-curricular and non-credited program through self-regulated distance learning in a developing country.
Virtual Mode, e- Platform, Creativity Enhancement Program, Co-curricular, Non-credit Program
Copyright (c) 2021 Syed Irfanul Hoque, Muhammad Ali Asgor, Md Ariful Islam
IS THE REINHART-ROGOFF DEBT THRESHOLD APPLICABLE TO ITALY?
This paper employs an extended production function to examine the relationship between central government debt and economic growth in Italy. The results show that the threshold of the central government debt ratio for Italy is estimated to be 105.00%, which is greater than the 90% debt threshold proposed by Reinhart and Rogoff. Besides, a higher growth rate of labor employment or investment/GDP ratio would raise the growth rate. Hence, the debt threshold proposed by Reinhart-Rogoff underestimates the debt threshold for Italy. The finding suggests that the debt ratio of 131.09% in 2019 is well above the debt threshold and is likely to be unsustainable.
Fiscal Policy, Government Debt, Reinhart-Rogoff Hypothesis, Debt Threshold.
HOW SELF-CONTROL IMPACT’S ON HAPPINESS AND SATISFACTION WITH LIFE WITH MODERATING ROLE OF LOCUS OF CONTROL
Self-control is by all explanations a basic worth affecting how others see us and how we see ourselves. The basic aim of the study is to elaborate the vice versa relationship among the factor to test whether certain psychological variable which increases the satisfaction with life. Component of happiness with the influence of locus of control is correlated with each other which is we find in this research. The participants in the study were 307 students of the different institutes who fill questionnaires through snowball sampling. This had a significant huge relationship with the locus of control. In this study, we use a different technique to find the relationship with data. Firstly we test the reliability of the questionnaire which is used by the different researcher in their research article after this we find the correlation which shows the positive result among the variable. Subsequently, MANOVA and other test were applied in this research to emphasize how self-control plays a major role to enhance the level of happiness which discovered the true meaning of satisfaction. This study recommended that if students and people are good at self-control elements in different situations then they will be happier and satisfied with their life. Moreover, the investigation uncovered that self-control has emphatically corresponded with Happiness, regularity feeling, and satisfaction with life. Research on happiness has caused it conceivable to better comprehend human behaviour in different parts of life.
Self-Control, Satisfaction with Life, Happiness, Locus of Control.
Copyright (c) 2020 Sajid Hussain, Muhammad Baqir, K. M. Anwarul Islam, Samra Asif
THE IMPACT OF COVID -19 PANDEMIC ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN BANGLADESH: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW
Since the outburst of Covid-19 in China, the world economy is passing in a turmoil situation. Undeniably the economy of Bangladesh is also grappled by the severe public health crisis of the Covid-19. As the public health emergency is heavily interconnected with economic affairs, it has impacted each of the pillars of the economy of Bangladesh. The main purpose of this paper is to make evaluations of the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy of Bangladesh. This study is based on an empirical review of the recent study works, reports, working papers of home, and abroad regarding economic crisis. The review findings of the paper revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic have significant impacts on the different indicators of the economy of Bangladesh especially, Readymade Garments Sector, Foreign Remittance, Bank and Financial Institutions, Food and Agricultures, Local Trade, Foreign Trade (Export and Import), GDP (Gross Domestic Product), SDGs (Sustainable Development Goal), Government Revenue and Employment etc. This study suggested that as Covid-19 still surfacing all over the world so some steps should be ensured by the government agencies of Bangladesh to mitigate possible threats for the economy.
Covid-19, Impact, Economy of Bangladesh, SDGs.
Copyright (c) 2020 Md. Shahbub Alam, Md. Jafor Ali, Abul Bashar Bhuiyan, Mohammad Solaiman, Mohammad Abdur Rahman
Managerial Skills: An Imperative for Business Education in Enhancing Nigerian Dwindling Economy
The main aim of this study is to determine the important of business education managerial skills in overcoming the problems of economic recession in Nigeria. Literature was extensively reviewed in relation to business education, managerial skills and economic recession, on that note the concept of business education was discussed by different literature. Furthermore, five (5) importance of business education were identified in relation to the economic development and the nation’s dwindling economy. The study went further and identifies different kind of managerial skills needed by business education students, these skills were found to be very essential in promoting the Nigerian economy and also serves as a way of eradicating the dwindling economy of any given nation.
Business Education, Managerial Skills, Dwindling Economy.
Copyright (c) 2017 Lukman Suleiman,Mansur Saidu Adam,Usman Dahiru Jibrin,Umar Buba
Policy Reforms in Nigerian Health Sector and the Potential for Poverty Reduction
This paper studies the policy reforms in the Nigerian health sector and potentiality of the sector towards poverty reduction in the country. The study investigates the contribution of health in the process of poverty reduction by various governments in Nigeria. The study employs secondary source as a methods of data collection. The study reveals that health sector reform involves more than just improvement in health or health care. It is a process motivated by the need to address fundamental deficiencies in health care systems that affect all health care services. Health sector reform in Nigeria is based on the poor health status of the population and the poor rating of the health system itself. The study reveals that Nigerian health status was ranked 187 out of 191 countries by WHO in 2000. The infant mortality rate, the under-five mortality rate and the maternal mortality ratio are some of the indicators that are often used to compare health status of populations. Nigeria’s figures on each of the three indicators are some of the worst in the world, even by the standard of developing countries. The health sector reform was one of the social sector reforms undertaken by the Obasanjo administration, with the National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS) providing the overall national development framework. The NEEDS, itself, has four major goals: wealth creation, poverty reduction, employment generation and value re-orientation. Consequently, the study look at the contribution of the health sector reform towards reduction of poverty in Nigeria.
Policy reform, Health sector reform & Poverty reduction in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2017 Ibrahim Suleiman,Sambo Abubakar, Hamza Shehu Mohammed
The Role of Women towards Political Participation in Nigeria
This study investigates the factors that limit women’s participation in Nigeria’s politics using case study period between 1999 and 2015, among these factors are socioeconomic development, the country’s cultural heritage, historical legacies and institutional designs. The study employs secondary source as a method ofdata collection. The study reveals that the patriarchal system and male domination of the society, which relegates women to subordinate role, has created women’s inferiority complex and alienated them from the mainstream politics in Nigeria. The Nigerian political culture of thuggery and gangsterism has made the political terrain too dangerous for most women to venture into mainstream politics. Besides, the stigmatization of women politicians by fellow women discourages the political participation of the former while religious beliefs and institutional arrangements that restrict women to family responsibilities in the country coupled with lack of genuine and decisive affirmative action to encourage women’s political participation, have created a legacy that limit women’s political participation in the country as a whole. Consequently, the study emphasizes the need to address those factors that entrench women subordination in Nigeria’s politics. These include, among others, the reformation of all religious, statutory and customary laws and practices that perpetuate women’s subordination in the country and the explicit specifications and modalities of affirmative actions on women’s political participation and clear guidelines for implementations in the Nigeria constitution.
Political Participation, Women Participation &Factors affecting Women Political Participation in Nigeria.
Relevance of Vocational Skill Acquisition Programmes for Employment in an Era of Dwindling Economy in Bauchi Metropolis
The study was conducted to find out the relevance of vocational skill acquisition programmes for employment in an era of dwindling economy in Bauchi metropolis. Two research questions were formulated for the study. An 11 items questionnaire was developed and used to get responses from the trainees. A descriptive survey was employed for the study. The questionnaire was validated by two experts from Vocational and Technology Education Department. Mean statistical tool was used to analyze the data collected. The result of the study indicated that the most important objectives of vocational skill acquisition programmes were to enable youth to acquire vocational skills that would provide gainful employment as well as raise their standards of living. Also the trainees perceived the relevance of skill acquisition programmesas centers for imparting marketable skills that focus more on practical aspect than theory. It was recommended that training courses should be relevant to the need of the sectors and target group. Those training centers should serve as places for providing employment opportunities to the public since our economy is declining and government opportunities are less because of scarce resources.
Vocational, Skill Acquisition, Training, Youth.
Copyright (c) 2017 Abubakar Idris, Umar Buba, Lukman Suleiman, Adamu Ladan Adamu
The Role of Contemporary Islamic Movement towards Social and Political Changes of Modernity
This paper studies the role of contemporary Islamic movements towards social and political changes of the 21st century. Contemporary Islamic movements is a modern phenomenon; it is rooted in the historically and spatially recurring cyclical phenomena of "reform" (Islah) and "renewal" (Tajdid) which provide the models and symbols that link modernity to authentic elements of Islamic teachings. The study employs secondary source as a method of data collection. Based on these past rejuvenations, contemporary Islamic scholars are interacts with modern cultural, social, political and religious circumstances. While emphasizing the Unitarian and Universalistic character of Islam, it is also coloured by local variations. Some observers see Islamic movement as part of a trend in contemporary Islam toward a more orthodox and doctrinally homogeneous type of religion based on the sacred source-texts. This trend views local expressions of Islam as deviations from orthodoxy and seeks to suppress them. Modern means of communication have accelerated this process by opening up the periphery to the penetration of the centralizing forces. In this view, Islamic movement is more radical wing of the wider movement which also includes madrasah based traditional groups and Sufi type reform movements.
Islamic Movement, Social and Political Changes, Orthodox and Doctrinally Homogeneous.
Community Oriented-Rural Tourism Development Model
Nepal is endowed with the majestic Himalayan ranges, including Mt. Everest, which is 8848 m, is the world’s highest mountain peak. Nepal is renowned world-wide as a prime tourist destination due to its unparalleled natural beauty; diverse bio-diversity; ethnic, lingual and social diversity; and historical and cultural wealth. There are many lakes, rivers, mountainous areas, museums, national parks, historical places, greenery forests, cultural heritages which become attractions to the tourists in Nepal. Rural setting is one of the most potential areas to promote the rural tourism where tourists can have opportunity to observe the rural setting, culture, life-style, social relationship, hospitality etc of rural people in Nepal. So, the study has developed the community oriented rural tourism development model covering the stages of development. The study was conducted in Lamjung, Tanahu and Nawalparasi districts among the home-stay operators, tourist experts and other tourism related stakeholders. In-depth interview was done with the respondents to collect their opinion about the best model of rural tourism. The study has developed the Community Oriented Rural Tourism Development Model (CO-RTDM) which has explained the seven stages of development.
Community-Oriented, Development, Model, Tourism, Rural.
Copyright (c) 2018 Indra Bahadur Malla Thakuri, Govind Nepal
The Path to Inclusive Growth in Nigeria: Are People with Disabilities Carried Along?
The growing disconnect between the improving macro-economic indicators and the growing descent into poverty of over 170 million Nigerians is clearly anindicative of the fact that economic growth in Nigeria is non-inclusive as the country may have only attained what is known as growth without development. Using a purely descriptive and analytical methodology, this paper shows that inclusive growth is the growth that generates employment opportunities and reduces the depth and severity of the incidence of poverty. However, people with disability have in many cases been denied of job opportunities in Nigeria. This paper argues that the country cannot have inclusive growth unless disability is made an integral part of her growth. Considering that the economic inclusion of people with disabilities is a cross-cutting issue, successful results require complementary activities in multiple sectors. However, inclusion of people with disabilities in work/employment can lead to greater economic self-sufficiency. Though it should not be promoted as the only option for economic inclusion, self-employment can be a good alternative, especially in a country like Nigeria where there is a general dearth of opportunities for formal sector jobs. In that regard, this paper suggests that microfinance institutions should extend credit and other financial services for self-employment of people with disabilities. Better still, specialized microfinance should be established for people with disabilities to provide supporting or complementary services.
Poverty, Disabilities, People with Disabilities, Inclusive Growth, Nigeria.
Nigeria: Does Terrorism Spring from Economic Conditions?
Over the last half-century, Nigeria has become one of Africa’s three giants along with Egypt and South Africa, thereby gaining considerable clout on the regional and global arenas. It is Africa’s largest oil producer and recent finds ensure Nigeria’s significance in the energy market for the foreseeable future. But the country has an inability or an unwillingness to distribute economic resources and development programs equitably. The primary objective of this paper is to find out whether economic condition leads to domestic terrorism in the country, as the contemporary Nigeria society is engulfed by terrible acts of Terrorism. This paper uses annual data for the time period 1970-2016 and the multivariate regression results suggest that government expenditure hinders terrorism, whereas macroeconomic policies foster it. Possible reasons for the outcomes and the policy implications of the findings were discussed.
Terrorism, Economic Deprivation, Nigeria.
Female Labour Force, ICT and Growth Nexus in Nigeria
Growth in the labor force is one of the determinants of a nation’s maximum sustainable, or potential, rate of economic expansion. However, in the period of study in this paper, the relationship between women’s participation in the labor force of Nigeria and economic growth is inverse and insignificant. This is attributed to the level of economic development, social norms, education levels, fertility rates and other factors. From policy perspectives therefore educational opportunities for the girl child should be extended to the nooks and crannies of the country so as to enhance socio-economic family planning techniques and methods to reduce the burden of women in the labour force. In the same vein, employers should be encouraged to give all gender equal opportunity and chance to pursue their potentials especially if they have potentials required for a particular job. However, particular attention should be focused on men by enlightening them on the essence of encouraging their spouses on any career they may choose as long as it does not affected the family in any way.
Gender, Female Labour Force, Economic Growth, Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2018 Emmanuel Okokondem Okon
Insurgence and National Security in Nigeria: A Focus on Boko Haram
The contemporary Nigeria has become a theatre of genocide, bloodshed and insecurity over the past years due to the carnage activities of terrorist groups. Terrorists of various groups and camps unleash havoc on the Nigerian populace. Though these groups are numerous, one of the most noticeable and deadly group is Boko Haram. This paper attempts to investigate if this group is one of the major security challenges confronting Nigeria today. The result reveals that a number of factors, including bad governance and religious and political manipulations, and the long and porous borders of Nigeria promote Boko Haram activities. As such, there is significant relationship between Boko Haram insurgency and national security in Nigeria. This paper recommends that at all levels of government, governance should be taken as a serious business especially in the area of provision of security and public goods such as improved infrastructure and the creation of the enabling environment needed for investment that would in turn creation opportunities for employments which will lead to reduction in poverty.
Insurgence, National Security, Boko Haram, Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2018 Able Shibinya Zhizhi, Emmanuel Okokondem Okon
Economic System and Environment: Co-Composting Effect of Prosopis Africana and Cow Dung
An economic system is comprised of the various processes of organizing and motivating labor, producing, distributing, and circulating of the fruits of human labor, including products and services, consumer goods, machines, tools, and other technology used as inputs to future production, and the infrastructure within and through which production, distribution, and circulation occurs. Natural environment refers to climate, weather, and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity. The natural environment is an important component of the economic system, and without the natural environment the economic system will not be able to function. Hence, in recent years economists have started treating the natural environment in the same way as they treat labor and capital as an asset and a resource. Composting is a biological conversion of heterogeneous organic substrate under controlled conditions, into a hygienic, humus rich and relatively bio-stable product that conditions soil and nourishes plants. The use of compost as a soil conditioner, a fertilizer, or a growth medium has, of course, significant environmental benefits. However, there are also negative impacts on the environment associated with making and using compost. The overall aim of this study is to understand the physicochemical changes such as temperature, conductivity, pH, loss in weight and moisture content that occur during the co-composting of Prosopis Africana shell with cow dung and to assess the way in which these factors influence the quality of the resulting compost and the environment.
Economic System, Environment, Co-Composting, Prosopis Africana, Cow Dung.
Copyright (c) 2018 Oladipo, Dayo George,Emmanuel Okokondem Okon
Turkey and the Black Sea Economic Cooperation: Opportunities and Challenges
This paper aims to analyse Turkey’s relationship with other states in the Black Sea region, and takes a look at reasons behind the formation of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation that was spearheaded by Turkey. The paper also highlights the importance of the region and the struggle by outside powers for influence in the region. These powers include Russia and the United states, alongside Turkey.
Black Sea, Cooperation, Turkey, Russia, U.S., Control.
Buhari’s Administration and Review of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy: A Realist Approach
There is no doubt that Nigeria’s foreign policy is indeed outdated. This is evidenced in the fact that we now live in different times. Though Nigeria’s role in Africa still remains significant, however, the time “Africa” was made the centre piece of Nigeria’s foreign policy, was a time when many countries in the continent were struggling to throw off the yolk of colonialism. And the adoption of such a policy was to stand in solidarity with those nations that were struggling to achieve or gain independence. And today, no single country in the continent is under foreign rule or direct control, and the times now call for a review of Nigeria’s foreign policy to reflect the nations current circumstances and realities among the committee of states across the globe. And there is no time than under the present administration of President Muhammadu Buhari. The Buhari administration must look critically and make an assessment of how and which way to direct Nigeria’s foreign policy. The responsibility appears to be binding on President Buhari’s administration having been neglected or not given the required attention by many previous regimes and administrations. The confidence of Nigerians in President Buhari’s vision, promises and commitment to change and general progress/ greatness of Nigeria seems to justify such expectations in the area of foreign relations and policy. There is need for Nigeria to be more involved in world affairs and to seek observer status in certain supranational institutions including the E.U, NATO and the SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) in this era of globalisation, and the accompanying system of interdependence. This paper tries to provide a guide with regards to the review of the foreign policy of Nigeria by President Buhari to reflect the realities and challenges of the times in which we are living. The paper argues that Nigeria must be a global player despite being a regional power in consideration of its pottentials and position in the scheme of things, drawing lessons based on Realist theories in international affairs and conduct as well as the experiences of certain states like Japan as models for foreign policy development.
Realism, Nigeria, Africa, Global, Foreign Policy, Review.